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Business ethics and Deontology - Free Essay Example

BUSINESS ETHICS The Organizational Ethics concern an individuals moral judgments in regards to good and bad. Decisions taken at regular intervals is likewise made by individuals or groups, however whoever makes them are going to be affected by the society of the corporate. The decision to act morally may be a moral one laborer ought to choose what they accept is that the right game plan. This could include dismissing the course that may bring about the most imperative short benefit. Moral conduct and organization social obligation will bring imperative focal points to a business. Case in point, they might: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Attract clients to the companys item, along these lines boosting deals and benefits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Make specialists wish to stay with the business, scale back work turnover and subsequently build profit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Attract a ton of laborers urgent to work for the business, scale back accomplishment costs and change the corporate to impel the principal talented specialists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Attract speculators and stay with the offer esteem high, accordingly defensive the business from takeover. Dishonest conduct or a nonattendance of organization social obligation, by examination, may harm a companys name and make it less speaking to stakeholders. Benefits may fall as a loss. ETHICAL APROACH A large portion of the study of ethics deals with the approach or supply of the principles or standards to be used for moral deciding in business. Variety of thought have developed that embrace the approaches. 1. Deontology Deontologists hold that bound underlying principles square measure right or wrong no matter the circumstances. For that reason, deontology is taken into account a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule-basedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  approach to ethics. To be an ethical person, one should not solely bring forth smart results however use the right suggests that and act with smart intentions. The most effective glorious deontologist is eighteenth century German thinker, Immanuel Kant, argued that folks will develop ethical principles through reasoning alone. Following his logic, one may reason that behaviors like telling a lie square measure wrong no matter the result, even though the lie was told so as to shield someoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s safely. Thus, its durable to develop inerrant, universal laws or categorical imperativ es concerning lying and different behavior. For example the student who refuses to cheat on exam is morally worthy if her or his decision springs from universal duty, but morally unworthy if the decision is merely born of self interest, such as fear of being caught[1]. However how does the individual of goodwill comprehend what is right to react Kant propound the downright basic, the idea that each individual ought to follow up on just those standards that she or he , as an issue individual would recommend as all inclusive laws to be connected to the entire of humankind. This methodology is called as universalism[2]. Universalism offers guidance with regard to the rules by which someone should make decisions. Kant recognized universal rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of consent, the right to privacy. Issues arise when an individual does not know which rules to follow[3]. 2. Utilitarianism A different perspective is doctrine that focuses upon the ethical rightnes s of the results. A simplified clarification is that actions square measure smart if the implications square measure smart and unhealthy if the implications square measure unhealthy. Actions in and of themselves square measure neither ethical nor immoralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ it is that the results that count. This enables us another to deontology and ethical relativism; but, the most challenge is in knowing that consequences take priority over others[4]. Utilitarianism additionally maintains that a moral act produces the best doable smart for the foremost individuals. Per eighteenth century thinker philosopher, an honest or ethical act is one that ends up in the best happiness for the best number. At face price, doctrine could seem to be a practicable idea; but, decisive the best happiness for the best range is advanced. Uses an example with Beech-Nut fruit crush that illustrates the matter. within the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"80s, the Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation learned that a cargo of fr uit crush concentrate from a provider didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t meet the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standards as a result of some cases of the merchandise solely contained seasoned drinking water rather than pure juice. Failing to fulfill standards conferred an ethical quandary as a result of Beech-Nut marketed its juice as one hundred percent pure. Beech Nut came back the unused product however struggled confirm what to do and try to do regarding the used concentrate as a result of an examination of the finished product couldnt faithfully determine that cases contained actual juice and that contained drinking water. Beech Nut ultimately selected to require its possibilities with the general public and leave the merchandise on the market knowing it had been not one hundred pc pure, a call that was acceptable by Utilitarian standards however deemed unjust by critics who argued that Beech-Nut sacrificed customers for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s long economic viability[5]. People w ho think they will be true to their ethics have probably never examined their ethics. (Badaracco, Webb, 1995). How would you choose which one is better Doing the right thing and Making the best choice Future clash between an individuals ethical decisions and an associations moral choices are most effortlessly tended to as somebody tries to join the association. In the event that an individual is prepared to join an organization or business, it is essential that he (or she) be displayed with the organizations center values and set of accepted rules (if accessible). The prospective new part should then figure out whether it is conceivable to accommodate their ethical decisions with the associations morals as passed on in the organizations qualities and implicit rules. Consent to join the organization certainly expect that this compromise has occurred, however it can be made unequivocal by obliging consent to an implicit rules[6]. Tending to morals in choice making in busines s or other expansive associations or gatherings (e.g., government) does point to the need to guarantee that key centering choices (the choices highlighted in green) have been made and are set up. Specifically, the business choice for center qualities ought to be set up to give the objectives/necessities that will be utilized to make and oblige the criteria utilized as a part of the system of business choices. This centering choice can impact criteria for choices all through the system of business choices (the choices in blue), straightforwardly affecting moral choice making and authoritative behavior. Here are some criteria that can help guarantee fitting moral contemplations are a piece of the choices being made in the association: Consistence Does it fit in with the organizations qualities and code of morals? Does it meet (ought to surpass) legitimate prerequisites? Advance great and lessen hurt What arrangement will respect the vast majority while minimizing any conceivable mischief? Obligation What option gives the most capable reaction? Does the arrangement guarantee meeting our obligations as an issue corporate resident [7]. Changing role of Ethics in the Organization Future In the 21st century, morals is not an alternative. More than capability, experience, sagacity and drive, individuals at all levels of an association need moral qualities. As indicated by Kidder (2001), The guideline errand of this decade is the creation and sustaining of qualities based society. Due to the far reaching measure of time individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use at work, much of that supporting must happen in the business environment. Rushworth M. Kidder is the organizer and president of the Institute for Global Ethics, an association whose exploration has recognized four key variables in making qualities based society. These variables include: Imparted center qualities As indicated by Kidder (2001), there are five center qualities found in some structure in every society around the world. They are genuineness, regard, obligation, reasonableness and empathy. A qualities based society will make these center val ues the main thrust in choice making. Regular dialect Representatives require a dialect of morals that permits them to convey promptly and agreeably about issues that are commonly delicate and hard to examine. Successful morals preparing projects give the regular dialect required. Duty at the top Morals preparing is useless without top-level administrators who walk the discussion. At the point when pioneers reliably compensate the individuals who decide to do the right thing, it serves to make a moral society more than all else could. Moral boldness Kidder (2001) depicts moral valor as the nature of psyche and soul that empowers one to face up to moral issues and good wrongdoings immovably and unhesitatingly, without recoiling or withdrawing. Morals, way of life and society must get to be interwoven to the point that they cant be divided. They constitute how individuals identify with each other in the home, the working environment and all aspects of society[8]. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hyper Links Decision-making-solutions.com, (2014). Ethics in Decision Making. Available at: https://www.decision-making-solutions.com/ethics_in_decision_making.html [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Regent.edu, (2014). The Role of Ethics in 21st Century Organizations Leadership Advance Online, School of Business Leadership, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Available at: https://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/lao/issue_11/brimmer.htm [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Web.utk.edu, (2014). Ethical Models. Available at: https://web.utk.edu/~rhovland/EthicalModels.html [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Publication Laura P Hartman. (2005) Perspectives in Business Ethics. McGraw-Hill Irwin, page no 8 9. [1] Perspectives in Business Ethics, Laura P Hartman, 2005, page 8. [2] Perspectives in Business Ethics, Laura P Hartman, 2005, page 8. [3] Perspectives in Business Ethics, Laura P Hartman, 2005, page 9. [4] https://web.utk.edu/~rhovland/EthicalModels.html [5] https://web.utk.edu/~rhovland/EthicalModels.html [6] https://www.decision-making-solutions.com/ethics_in_decision_making.html [7] https://www.decision-making-solutions.com/ethics_in_decision_making.html [8] https://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/lao/issue_11/brimmer.htm

A Brief Look at Russia - 1322 Words

Political parties and leaders: There are seventy-eight different political parties registered with Russia’s Ministry of Justice as of 2014, but only four are represented in the national legislature. (1) A Just Russia represented by Sergey Mironov, (2) Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF represented by Gennadiy Zyuganov, (3) Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR represented by Vladimir Zhirinovskiy, and (4) United Russia represented by Dmitriy Medvedev (Unlisted). There ten major political pressure groups and leaders, these are similar to the various United States political interest groups and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), which is also in America. (1) Confederation of Labor of Russia (KTR), (2) Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, (3) Golos Association in Defense of Voters Rights Memorial, (4) Movement Against Illegal Migration, (5)(6)(7) The World Russian Peoples Congress, (8) Union of the Committees of Soldiers Mothers, (9) Union of Russian Writers, (10) other - business associations, environmental organizations, religious groups (especially those with Orthodox or Muslim affiliation), and various veterans groups. Movement Against Illegal Migration (Unlisted). Russkiye Solidarnos Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sergey Ivanovich KISLYAK (since 16 September 2008) chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202)Show MoreRelatedHistory Of The Russian States Summary715 Words   |  3 Pagesstates The chapter talks about Russia’s history and their failures and what ought to be done to bring order in Russia. This history is a description of various historical events in Russia including various leaders and their historical events and failures. This history is communicated in the form of a poem. The poet crafted the piece lamenting of various leaders who took leadership in Russia and never brought order. The persona that was used by the poet to communicate his ideas and message shows howRead MoreHow Fracking Is Used For The Environment Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesArticle 28: This article tries to advocate fracking by giving insights on how safe fracking is for the environment. To begin with, a brief description is given as to how fracking is done to extract natural gas. Views of Manhattan Institute senior fellow Robert Bryce which compare the CO2 emissions in 2002 and 2012 show a drop of 8% due to surge in shale gas production, which reduced coal usage. 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These people just looking at satellite images all day are not versed on the area that they are looking at and can misidentify thing in the imagery due to their lack of knowledge on the area. An imagery person could look at an image and see no weapons think that that set of images are unimportant and not pass itRead MoreThe Russian Marketing Environment1350 Words   |  5 Pagesis to make the brand well known worldwide and to expand the business into other countries. Market Environment is key factor for decision. For a startup of a new venture in other countries, TESCO will have to look for various factors to understand which market strategy would work in Russia. The economical, social (culture), political, legal and institutional market environment factors have to be taken in to consideration when deciding to move in to other countries with venture. 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This declaration of war triggered a domino effect with Russia declaring war on Austria-Hungary, Germany declaring war on Russia. Great Britain became involved in the war when Germany

Essay Fracking Fracking And Its Effects On The Environment Essay Example For Students

Essay Fracking : Fracking And Its Effects On The Environment Essay Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracking, is a widespread practice in the United States. Fracking is a method used to extract oil and natural gas. Scientists and citizens report detrimental side effects of hydraulic drilling. New York and Vermont have banned fracking statewide. Maryland has set a two year moratorium on fracking, so that more research can be done to show the impacts of fracking on the environment. Nationwide, many other cities and counties have banned fracking as well. All states should look into finding alternative sources of energy, instead of using devastating practices like fracking to extract non-renewable resources. Hydraulic fracturing is a technique that combines water mixed with chemicals that is then pumped into shale deposits, allowing access to underground stores of natural gas and other resources. The high pressure used to pump the liquid mix into the shale causes the rocks to fracture. Propping agents like sand or ceramic beads are injected into these fractures so they remain open once the pumping of fluid has stopped. This allows drilling companies to harvest the natural gas stored in the shale. Fluids used during the extraction process are pushed back to the surface from the pressure of the shale and are known as flowback. According to the Chevron website (2015), â€Å"Producing natural gas from shale is made possible by extended-reach horizontal drilling to access the resource and hydraulic fracturing where water under pressure is used to fracture the rock, releasing the trapped gas.† It also states that almost all oil and gas wells in the U.S. are subject to fracking. No where on the website does it specify what chemicals are used in this process. According to critics, large amounts . .oubt that the fluid used in the fracking process contains chemicals, and when released into water supplies has negative effects on these sources. Injection of flowback materials into deep wells has been definitively linked to increased seismic activity. Damage to roads due to the high traffic of trucks shipping equipment and product is astronomical. Worldwide, four countries have outright banned the practice and others are waiting for more research to be done before they continue to allow it. A few states know the devastating side effects that come with the practice, and have banned hydraulic fracturing. While there is no doubt that fracking can produce resources that are used by Americans, there is a lot of doubt as to whether it is safe or not. Hopefully, the country will follow those that have banned the practice, and adopt other safer forms of energy production.

The Use of Symbolism with “Young Goodman Brown” Essay Example

The Use of Symbolism with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Paper In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Nathanial Hawthorne uses the literary device of symbolism as a means of conveying the theme of original sin existing in society, and within everyone. He brings his main character on a journey through a symbolic forest, using the imagery and connotations of the forest to give insight into the main character’s awakening to the evil surrounding him, the sin existent within the hearts of everyone around him, and within himself. Hawthorne’s use of symbolism leaders the protagonist into an awakening that evil is existent even in the most unexpected places, including the world immediately around him. At the beginning of the story, we see Goodman Brown naively admiring the world he lives in and his own way of life in Puritan society. He is reluctant to leave his home and his wife, Faith, and when he does he takes what he described as â€Å"a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Symbolism with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Symbolism with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Symbolism with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The character begins his awakening to the evil just beyond his front door at this point, represented by the dark forest that seems to envelope him, taking him to a point of no return away from the innocence of his life just moments before. In the forest, Goodman Brown encounters many people with whom he grew up respecting and admiring for their faith and righteousness, yet their appearance in the forest leads him to the realization that they have a sinful nature. The connotations surrounding the forest (the darkness, the unknown, the fear) lead us to this conclusion as well, as we see people in his life interact comfortably with the man representing evil and all gathering at â€Å"the communion† of their race, led by the strange man who seems like a symbol of Satan. It is obvious that at this point the author is trying to relay his view that all humans possess an evil side, and trying to convey a message about original sin because the man representing the devil resembles Goodman Brown’s father, a symbol of how it transfers from parent to child naturally. When Goodman Brown is cursed with the ability to â€Å"penetrate, in every bosom, the deep mystery of sin, the fountain of all wicked arts†, he is able to see the sin existing in all of the people he once esteemed. Yet, it was not only their sin he became aware of, but also that within himself. Early in the story we are shown the faith he had, represented by his wife, and how he clung to it, but as he comes to realize the condition of others he sees the same condition within himself. The ‘dark man’ brings him on a journey through the forest as a means of taking him away from that faith, and when his wife Faith shows up at the gathering in the woods as well, we see his resistance to sin wear down because he realizes that his faith and sin must coexist together within himself. During the congregation scene in the woods with the ‘dark man’ leading, Hawthorne describes the meeting place as â€Å"one extremity of an open space, hemmed in by the dark wall of the forest†, a place closed to the outside world beyond the trees. It is as if the author is using this smaller space in the forest as a representation of Goodman Brown himself, and the fact evil and his Faith exist together in the world as a means of showing us what the protagonist is discovering. In the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Hawthorne creates a moral allegory that uses the darkness and unknown nature of the forest to represent the new insight into human nature that Goodman Brown develops by the end of the story. He is described in the last paragraph as â€Å"a stern, sad, darkly meditative, and distrustful, if not desperate, man† from that point on. The author allows the reader to figure out for himself that the dark, dreary, gloomy forest was the symbol of evil within the world as a whole and when the main character could no longer ignore that, he could no longer enjoy the other side of his nature, or the good within anyone else within his life.

Effects of Migration Into Cities Essays

Effects of Migration Into Cities Essays Effects of Migration Into Cities Essay Effects of Migration Into Cities Essay The effects of moving into a new city or town Today everybody is going in the glamorous world of cities where one can progress and make the best use of his or her life. Parents†¦.. Listen to their talks with their children. They say that my son or daughter will settle or go to abroad one day. And with this they start imagining and forcing their child to get highest degree and run away from where they are. Each parent today has this mentality that there is heaven like something in abroad and much else. There are many such examples to discuss. But for now one is enough I think. In terms of living a life in a new city there are many possibilities of advantages as well as disadvantages as can be seen in education, employment and settlement point of view. These three things can be much better improved in a city where there is much scope to put a step forward towards his or her aim. In a city each one who is settled there has only one intention to earn a gallon of paper notes and coins and live a luxurious and easy way of life. This luxurious life is expected by all people. But there is something called feeling of attachment. There is an attachment towards his or her native place. One cannot forget his or her childhood days or their neighbours and the love between them. Emotions are not allowed in a city or the town. Today since all the places are becoming industrialized there is no space for emotions but only profit. And because of this all the people are running after them. There is a great effect on especially the country. Since all the citizens are settled in abroad and the income they earn is of no use to the country, the country’s economic status lowers as compared to other countries. The newer generation is no longer staying in their native country specially India. India is full of corruption, they say. But it is not so. If the abroad based thinkers try, the situation can be changed. The major disadvantage of moving to a new city is the loss of attachment to the native place and their neighbours. From birth we are attached to our villages or town, its nature, its culture and its people. But as we move to a new area, far from ours, we cannot accept its culture and people very easily. We cannot adjust there due to our unforgettable habits with our ulture. As we move to a new city, we have to accept the people, the culture, and their behaviors and accordingly we have to adjust. But it is not so easy. Since the people are keenly interested in earning money and luxurious life they are ready to do anything for this. According to me, I can’t accept the concept of moving to a new place permanently. Because it affects our native place or country. Earlier during the British rule all the intelligent brains of India were sent out to England or the other countries out of India. So that the foreign countries would progress better in terms of technology. But with this, India had to suffer in its progression. Today after British rule is no longer still their mentality always exists in each Indian that to go to abroad but not to stay here in India. The aim of writing this article is to aware the people of not to go to abroad but it is better and much better to stay in your own country and sacrifice your talents to your people and their future. Prachiti Ganpule SYBA, St. Xavier’s college, Mapusa Goa

WWII & The Holocaust Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WWII & The Holocaust - Assignment Example During the same period, Jordan captured West Bank. Also, as the British became more intensely aware of the difficulties involved in paying no attention to the Arab situation in Palestine, they began to back off from the political guarantee that the United States, in its comparative ignorance, had come to experience (Christison, 2001, pp. 45-54). This period marked an increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine prompted by Hitler’s German rise to power through the Holocaust. In addition, a commitment to promote Jewish homeland in Palestine became apparent. Roosevelt never committed himself as a Zionist in helping the Jews during the Holocaust. However, his political support for Zionists in Palestine provided significant support and helped speed up the political retreat of Arabs from Palestine. Roosevelt devoted considerable thought to formulating ways of accommodating Jewish control of Palestine by moving the Arab side without any thought for the justice of expelling an entire nation by force. He seems to have had little consideration of the predicament the British encountered in Palestine. The United States Jewish community did not fully support the idea of a Jewish home in Palestine and Zionism. Public knowledge of the Palestine situation increased significantly in the war years. This followed the Zionist activistâ⠂¬â„¢s efforts and heavy coverage given to the situation of Europe’s Jews. Consequently, in 1993, Palestine and Israel signed the Declaration of Principles that called for Palestine’s self-rule in Jericho and Gaza (Zarley, 2007, pp. 69-73). The Muslims denied that the Holocaust never took place, but if it did, it was to a small extent. Some added that the Jews fetched it on themselves against the Palestinians. Merging Islamic and European anti-Zionist and anti-Jewish philosophies together, Iran became the propagator of Holocaust denial in the Middle East and also sponsored Western Holocaust

Araby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Araby - Essay Example The first words spoken by the girl of his dream was also about â€Å"Araby†, giving the reader the assumption that it will be a mythological place that he can escape from reality and his harsh environment. The story of â€Å"Araby† highlights the contradiction between reality and illusion through illustration of the transformation of innocence to the path of realization and disillusionment as a phenomenon that occurs in a child’s boyhood. The protagonist of the story is the matured boy who had once been the innocent boy depicted in the story. The story opens with the lines â€Å"North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers' School set the boys free† (Joyce, 538). Paradoxically, even though they were free from school, even their play did not give them the desired pleasure, for it was an equally dull world, where not even play brought any stimulant for the children. All these descriptions of dullness a ctually create the backdrop against which the boy takes resort to an imagination larger than life and hence encounters a surprising disillusionment.

Cost of Opportunity Essay Example for Free

Cost of Opportunity Essay Assuming the best choice is made, it is the cost incurred by not enjoying the benefit that would be had by taking the second best choice available. [1] The New Oxford American Dictionary defines it as the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics, and has been described as expressing the basic relationship between scarcity and choice. [2] The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently. [3] Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs: the real cost of output forgone, lost time, pleasure or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered opportunity costs. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Opportunity costs in consumption 3 Opportunity costs in production 3. 1 Explicit costs Implicit costs 4 Non-monetary opportunity costs 5 Evaluation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History [edit] The term was coined in 1914 by Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser in his book Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft. [4] It was first described in 1848 by French classical economist Frederic Bastiat in his essay What Is Seen and What Is Not Seen. Opportunity costs in consumption [edit] Opportunity cost may be expressed in terms of anything which is of value. For example, an individual might decide to use a period of vacation time for  travel rather than to do household repairs. The opportunity cost of the trip could be said to be the forgone home renovation. [citation needed] Opportunity costs in production [edit] Opportunity costs may be assessed in the decision-making process of production. If the workers on a farm can produce either one million pounds of wheat or two million pounds of barley, then the opportunity cost of producing one pound of wheat is th e two pounds of barley forgone (assuming the production possibilities frontier is linear). Firms would make rational decisions by weighing the sacrifices involved. Explicit costs [edit] Explicit costs are opportunity costs that involve direct monetary payment by producers. The opportunity cost of the factors of production not already owned by a producer is the price that the producer has to pay for them. For instance, a firm spends $100 on electrical power consumed, their opportunity cost is $100. The firm has sacrificed $100, which could have been spent on other factors of production. Implicit costs [edit] Implicit costs are the opportunity costs in factors of production that a producer already owns. They are equivalent to what the factors could earn for the firm in alternative uses, either operated within the firm or rent out to other firms. For example, a firm pays $300 a month all year for rent on a warehouse that only holds product for six months each year. The firm could rent the warehouse out for the unused six months, at any price (assuming a year-long lease requirement), and that would be the cost that could be spent on other factors of production. Non-monetary opportunity costs [edit] Opportunity costs are not always monetary units or being able to produce one good over another. The opportunity cost can also be unknown, or spawn a series of infinite sub opportunity costs. For instance, an individual could choose not to ask a girl out on a date, in an attempt to make her more interested (playing hard to get), but the opportunity cost could be that they get ignored which could result in other opportunities being lost. Evaluation [edit] Note that opportunity cost is not the sum of the available alternatives when those alternatives are, in turn, mutually exclusive to each other – it is the value of the next best use. The opportunity cost of a citys decision to build the hospital on its vacant land is the loss of the land for a sporting center, or the inability to use the land for a parking lot, or the money which could have been made from selling the land. Use for any one of those purposes would preclude the possibility to implement any of the other. See also [edit] Economics portal Budget constraint Economic value added Opportunity cost of capital Parable of the broken window Production-possibility frontier There Aint No Such Thing As A Free Lunch Time management Trade-off

Thou Shalt not Trample on the Constitution :: essays research papers fc

Thou Shalt not Trample on the Constitution. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This is the first amendment to the Constitution. In essence this states that the government will not become involved or sponsor any religion. There is a reason our founding fathers added this amendment to the Constitution. Any time a government becomes involved with religion or visa versa, Disaster happens. If you want evidence of this look at the history of Europe for the past 700 years and see what chaos has arisen when religion and the state intertwine. Yet we do not seem to be learning from the past. Congress on June 17, 1999, passed a law that slaps the First Amendment in the face. That law allowed for the states to choose to post the Ten Commandments in public schools and other government buildings. The law that was proposed by Rep. Bob Barr (R-GA), Rep. Robert Alderholt (R-Al), and Rep. Henry Hyde (R-IL). The bill was created in response to the Columbine shootings that took place April 20, 1999. The bill was swept through the house at a time when the country was in shock over the shootings. There were several reasons why the house felt the need to pass such a bill. Rep. Alderhold believed that it is an important step to promote morality, and an end of children killing children. (Leavitt) Rep. Hyde believes that the amendment should â€Å"slow the flood of toxic waste into the minds of our children.† (Webster) Rep. Barr went as far to say that if â€Å"Columbine had the Ten Commandments posted that the massacre of April 20th would not have occurred.†(Webster) Thes e are the arguments for the Ten Commandments to be posted in public schools. These are the best reasons our elected representatives could come up with to slap the First Amendment in the face. Is it really as Rep. Alderholt said â€Å"We have the freedom of religion, not freedom from religion†? (Leavitt) According to the Supreme Court The honorable Alderholt is wrong. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled that a similar Kentucky law, which required all classrooms to post a copy of the Decalogue, was unconstitutional. The oppositions' arguments against this law are enormous.

Cyber Crime Essay

Chapter I Introduction When did this new and insidious variety of crime actually come into being? One may say that the concept of the computer came with the invention of the first abacus, hence it can be said that â€Å"cybercrime†. It has been around ever since people used calculating machines for wrong purposes. However, cybercrime has shown itself as a serious threat to society for less than a decade. Before we plunge into the world of cybercrime, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of how the cyber world evolved. In 1981 Ian Murphy, aka â€Å"Captain Zap†, became first felon convicted of a computer crime. Murphy broke into AT&T’s computers and changed the billing clock so that people receive discounted rates during normal business hours, Ian Murphy was greeted with 1,000 hours of community service and 21/2 years probation. Cybercrime refers to any crime that involves a  computer  and a  network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a  crime. Net crime  refers, more precisely, to criminal exploitation of the  Internet. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding  hacking,  copyright infringement, child pornography, and  child grooming. There are also problems of  privacy  when  confidential  information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. On the global level, both governments and non-state actors continue to grow in importance, with the ability to engage in such activities as  espionage,  financial theft, and other cross-border crimes sometimes referred to as  cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions, with the  International Criminal Court  among the few addressing this threat. Cyber crime is a growing threat to our societies today. EU member states suffer daily thousands of attacks against their information systems. Viruses facilitating stealing information from personal computers, spam, identity theft, and child pornography are increasingly widespread. According to recent reports, images of sexually abused children available on-line quadrupled in the last five years and half of all internet crime involves the production, distribution and sale of child pornography. The European Commission has cooperated closely with the French Presidency and the Member States in the elaboration of a series of practical measures to fight cyber crime. The new strategy recommends reinforcing partnership between the police and the private sector by better knowledge-sharing on investigation methods and trends in cyber crime. It also encourages both parties to respond quickly to information requests, resort to remote searches, cyber patrols for online tracking of criminals and joint investigations across borders. The strategy also calls for the setting up of an alert platform in the short term, where reports on crime committed on the Internet, such as posting of illegal content, in EU member states would be pooled for cross-checking by Europol. The Commission earmarked 300,000 euro for Europol to implement the platform. Vice-President Jacques Barrot highlighted the importance of this strategy by saying â€Å"The strategy encourages the much needed operational cooperation and Information exchange between the Member States. It gives a shared responsibility to the Commission, the Member States and other stakeholders to introduce the different measures. If the strategy is to make the fight against cyber crime more efficient, all stakeholders have to be fully committed to its implementation. We are ready to support them, also financially, in their efforts. † Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of he younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. A minor girl in Ahmadabad was lured to a private place through cyber chat by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gang rape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued. Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the case of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus fi rst appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. It is estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide. In the United States alone, the virus made its way through 1. 2 million computers in one-fifth of the country’s largest businesses. David Smith pleaded guilty on Dec. 9, 1999 to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus. There are numerous examples of such computer viruses few of them being â€Å"Melissa† and â€Å"love bug†. Cyber harassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other. Persons perpetuating such harassment are also guilty of cybercrimes. Cyber harassment as a crime also brings us to another related area of violation of privacy of citizens. Violation of privacy of online citizens is a Cybercrime of a grave nature. No one likes any other person invading the invaluable and extremely touchy area of his or her own privacy which the medium of internet grants to the citizen. The second category of Cyber-crimes is that of Cybercrimes against all forms of property. These crimes include computer vandalism (destruction of others’ property), transmission of harmful programmers. A Mumbai-based upstart engineering company lost a say and much money in the business when the rival company, an industry major, stole the technical database from their computers with the help of a corporate cyber spy. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. History of Cyber Crime [ 3 ]. Definition of Cyber Crime http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Computer_crime [ 4 ]. Fight against Cyber Crime Vice-President Jacques Barrot [ 5 ]. Cyber crime against our society today

Should environmentally displaced be categorised as refugees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1514 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Refugees Essay Did you like this example? Climate change is no longer a hypothetical situation but the reality of world politics in the twenty-first century. Although extremely controversial, research suggests this predicament will deeply affect the lives of millions who will be forcibly displaced from their homes and required to seek refuge elsewhere. Since 2008, the UNHCR has stated that there has been an annual average of 21.5 million displaced people by climate-related disasters – more than those fleeing war or persecution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should environmentally displaced be categorised as refugees" essay for you Create order The current legal practices protecting refugees fleeing war or persecution have failed to incorporate environmentally displaced people leaving them helpless with little to no protection. In this essay, I will argue whether the environmentally displaced people (EDPs) should be categorised as refugees providing an argument for and against the question. It is time now to recognise the mass population shift that will continue to rise as a result of these environmental disasters and offer our help. Therefore, I will conclude that the environmentally displaced should now be categorised as refugees. EDPs should be categorised as refugees because those forcibly displaced by an extreme weather event are not covered by the 1951 Refugee Convention and therefore find themselves in a legal void. According to the 1951 Refugee Convention a refugee is recognised as someone who is â€Å"owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.† (Westra, 2009). This convention originally emerged in order to help those displaced during the Second World War focusing on specific individuals rather than large groups – the reality of what we are dealing with today. Environmental change is possibly one of the most significant generators of population displacement and therefore it is clear that the definition is outdated and incomplete maki ng it ill-equipped to deal with today’s refugee crisis. ‘Environmental refugees’ as described by Essam El-Hinnawi are â€Å"those people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitats, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption (natural or triggered by people) that jeopardises their existences†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (El-Hinnawi, 1985, pg. 4). According to the Convention, to be qualified as a refugee you are required to cross an international border, however, most displaced by climate change move within their own countries or move for short periods with the intentions of returning home as soon as possible. Therefore, the environmentally displaced are not accepted as refugees but rather internally displaced peoples and consequently not qualified to accept refugee status. This produces a large protection gap between conventional refugees and this new class of refugees. The environmentally displaced find themselves disadvantaged for re asons they cannot help and have no protection beyond the basic human rights. This lack of protection creates a sense of hopelessness, and results in the question of what can we do for these people and what are their options? The Environmental Justice Foundation urges governments to â€Å"recognise climate refugees and support a new legal agreement to guarantee their rights and their fair claim to our shared world† (EJFoundation, 2017). War is becoming less common and therefore we need to start acknowledging this new global issue and agree to categorise the environmentally displaced as refugees. Moreover, the environmentally displaced should be categorised as refugees as the extreme weather events they are experiencing are largely due to the increase in global climate change. No country is safe from the impacts of climate change; however, it is the poorest and most vulnerable communities that feel it more acutely, nonetheless contribute to only 1% of global emissions. These underdeveloped countries have seen 99% of the deaths from climate and weather-related disasters (EJFoundation, 2017). It is clear that they are at the mercy of polluting countries. Low-lying states, such as Tuvalu and others situated in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean are suffering immensely from rising sea levels which is caused by the increased use of greenhouse gases. These islands have called on the governments of Australia and The United States to put in place policies that will recognise those displaced by climate-related events as legitimate refugees. Currently, they are two of the largest contrib utors of greenhouse emission yet have shown a lack of leadership in mending their wrongdoings. Already â€Å"one-fifth of Tuvalu’s population has been forced to relocate† (Duckworth, 2017). This is just one of the many nations who is losing land every year. Although many EDPs are able to move within their territory and return following a disaster, it is becoming problematic for low-lying nations whose entire lands are disappearing. This makes relocation to other parts of the country impossible. It is suggested that in the next 20-50 years thousands will be forced from their homeland and may even cause a fight for survival by some who are unable to find refuge. Hence, it is essential to categorise the environmentally displaced as refugees to avoid such devastation. Additionally, if we delay supporting EDPs it will become economically untenable in the future. Relocation of refugees already poses immense problems, however what will happen when millions more require asylum ? These less developed countries (LDCs) lack resources to adequately address this crisis themselves and rely on richer neighbouring countries who have the wealth to properly protect them. The effects of climate change are increasing, simultaneously so are the environmentally displaced. It is, therefore, crucial to categorise them as refugees. In contrast, however, the environmentally displaced should not be categorised as refugees because doing so could prove to be more damaging than beneficial. Enabling the environmentally displaced to be categorised as refugees would require expanding the existing definition that defines what a refugee is and this may cause unfavourable consequences. Firstly, amending the 1951 Refugee Convention by widening its interpretation would require the international community to accept a revised definition. Creating ‘climate refugees’ could risk undermining existing refugees who are currently entitled to protection under international law. This may lead to reduced opportunities for all refugees to obtain recognition and protection which would be damaging as there are 25.4 million recognised refugees today, excluding those internally displaced (UNHCR, 2018). This new class of refugees may be judged as illegitimate by politicians and the public who may view them as taking advantage of refugee protection laws, thus increasing the existing negative stigma surrounding them. Secondly, some countries already regard the Convention as being too generous. Proposing to expand the definition of a refugee could result in countries wanting an increasingly narrower definition. This is because by expanding the Refugee Convention to include EDPs would increase the number of those eligible for protection under international law by the millions. An increased number of refugees implies supporting countries would need to contribute more money to the cause. Already â€Å"Industrialised nations spend astronomical amounts of money on processing and supporting asylum seekers. In total, this is estimated to be more than ten times the funds the UNHCR has to protect those†¦under its auspices.† (Birrell and Millbank, 2011). If the UNHCR decided to expand the definition of what qualifies as a refugee, it is unclear if the political appetite exists to provide the necessary fundi ng. Burden sharing is already an issue among richer countries as they believe the issue isn’t there’s. While it is true that a state has a moral responsibility not to return refugees, to their home of origin, after entering their country, it does not state that they have a responsibility to allow them to settle. Finally, the risk in categorising EDPs as refugees could potentially result in more countries completely abandoning the Convention rather than accepting such a ‘burden’. Already, only 145 countries have signed the Convention as it imposes no obligations to assist. If supporting refugees no longer reflects a countries national interest, they are entitled to opt out made possible by Article 44(2) of the Refugee Convention which states that â€Å"any contracting state can denounce or withdraw, with one year’s notice† (UNHCR, 2015). This would have negative effects as the number of refugees left with no protection would be far greater. As a result, the environmentally displaced should not be categorised as refugees as it will reduce the practicality and utility of the term and potentially create a larger issue. In conclusion, the number of displaced people by environmental change is already alarming and could potentially cause the largest refugee crisis in human history. The environmentally displaced should be categorised as refugees to eliminate the protection gap. It is also the poorest countries that are suffering at the feet of those responsible for causing climate-related issues, yet they fail to offer any protection. With climate change expected to intensify, it is necessary to bring about change otherwise, we face extraordinary repercussions in the near future. The Refugee Convention is impractical as the number of climate refugees is far greater than conventional refugees. To ensure the protection of EDPs an entirely new legal classification that is tailored specifically for the needs of the environmentally displaced is essential. This separates the environmentally displaced from conventional refugees and allows them to be recognised as refugees under new international law.